The Pacific Electric Ray, Pacific Torpedo, scientifically known as Tetronarce californica, is a fascinating species of electric ray found in the Pacific Ocean. These rays are known for their ability to generate powerful electric shocks, a unique adaptation for defense and hunting.
Description & Characteristics
The Pacific Electric Ray, Pacific Torpedo, Tetronarce californica, is a robust, flattened ray with a distinctive, rounded body shape. They can reach a maximum size of 140.0 cm in length, making them one of the larger electric rays. Their dorsal surface is typically grayish-brown, often with darker blotches or spots, while the ventral surface is lighter in color. The eyes are small and located dorsally, and the spiracles, respiratory openings on the top of the head, are large and prominent. Like all electric rays, Tetronarce californica has specialized electric organs located on either side of its head. These organs generate powerful electric discharges that are used to stun prey and defend against predators.
Habitat and Occurrence
The Pacific Electric Ray, Pacific Torpedo, Tetronarce californica, is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean, ranging from southern California to the Gulf of California. These rays typically inhabit a wide range of depths, from the shallow coastal waters down to depths of 906.0 meters. This depth range places them within the epipelagic zone (0-200 meters), mesopelagic zone (200-1000 meters), and bathypelagic zone (1000-4000 meters). They prefer sandy or muddy bottoms and can often be found near reefs, kelp forests, and rocky outcrops.
Taxonomy
The species Tetronarce californica belongs to the Class: Elasmobranchii, Order: Torpediniformes, and Family: Torpedinidae. This classification places them within the diverse group of cartilaginous fishes, which includes sharks, rays, and chimaeras. The Order Torpediniformes specifically encompasses all the electric rays, highlighting their unique electric organ adaptation. The Family Torpedinidae further narrows the classification to focus on the true electric rays, characterized by their disc-shaped bodies and powerful electric organs.
Feeding
The Pacific Electric Ray, Pacific Torpedo, Tetronarce californica, is a predatory species, feeding mainly on fish and invertebrates. They employ their powerful electric discharges to stun their prey, making them easier to capture. Their diet includes a variety of fish species, including small fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Their feeding behavior is largely opportunistic, taking advantage of any prey available in their environment.