Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth, often referred to as the world’s largest lake. Located between Europe and Asia, it is bordered by five countries: Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. The Caspian Sea is a remnant of the ancient Paratethys Sea, a vast inland sea that existed during the Neogene Period. Its unique geographical location and geological history have resulted in a diverse ecosystem, with a rich variety of flora and fauna.

Three-spined stickleback – Gasterosteus aculeatus

Black-striped pipefish – Syngnathus abaster

European flounder – Platichthys flesus

Baltic Prawn – Palaemon adspersus

Red mullet – Mullus barbatus

Flathead grey mullet – Mugil cephalus

Olive Green Cockle, Lagoon Cockle – Cerastoderma glaucum

Golden grey mullet – Chelon auratus

Moon Jellyfish – Aurelia aurita

Big-scale sand smelt – Atherina boyeri

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Geography and Size

The Caspian Sea spans approximately 371,000 square kilometers (143,200 square miles), with a maximum depth of 1,025 meters (3,363 feet). It is roughly three times larger than Lake Superior, the largest of the Great Lakes of North America. The sea is divided into three distinct basins: the North Caspian Basin, the Middle Caspian Basin, and the South Caspian Basin. The North Caspian Basin is relatively shallow, with an average depth of only 5-6 meters (16-20 feet). The Middle Caspian Basin is deeper, with an average depth of around 190 meters (620 feet), while the South Caspian Basin is the deepest, reaching depths of over 1,000 meters (3,300 feet).

Fauna

The Caspian Sea is home to a diverse range of aquatic life, including:

  • Fish: The sea supports a significant fishing industry, with the most important species being sturgeon, which are prized for their caviar. Other fish species include carp, pike, and catfish.
  • Mammals: The Caspian Sea is home to several species of seals, including the Caspian seal, which is unique to the region. Other mammals include dolphins, such as the Caspian Sea porpoise, which is an endangered species.
  • Birds: The Caspian Sea is an important breeding ground and migratory route for numerous bird species, including pelicans, flamingos, and ducks.

Surrounding Countries

The five countries bordering the Caspian Sea are:

  • Azerbaijan: Shares the western and southwestern shores of the sea. Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, is a major port city on the Caspian Sea.
  • Iran: Borders the southeastern and southern shores of the sea. The port city of Bandar Anzali is located on the Caspian Sea.
  • Kazakhstan: Borders the northern and northeastern shores of the sea. The city of Aktau is a major port city on the Caspian Sea.
  • Russia: Borders the northwestern shores of the sea. Astrakhan, a major port city on the Volga River, is located near the Caspian Sea.
  • Turkmenistan: Borders the eastern shores of the sea. The port city of Turkmenbashy is located on the Caspian Sea.

Water Temperature and Salinity

The Caspian Sea is a saltwater lake, with salinity levels that vary significantly depending on the region and season. The salinity of the sea is approximately one-third that of the ocean. The average water temperature also varies depending on the region and season. During the summer, the water temperature can reach up to 25°C (77°F) in the shallow northern regions, while it can be cooler in the deeper southern regions.

Environmental Concerns

The Caspian Sea faces various environmental challenges, including pollution from industrial activities, oil spills, and overfishing. The sturgeon population, particularly the beluga sturgeon, has declined significantly due to overfishing and habitat degradation. Efforts are underway to protect the Caspian Sea's ecosystem and manage its resources sustainably.