Pholidae

The Pholidae, commonly known as gunnels or gunnelfishes, are a family of small, elongated, and often eel-like marine fish. These fishes are characterized by their slender bodies, lack of pelvic fins, and a single dorsal fin that extends almost the entire length of their back. Gunnels typically inhabit rocky reefs, tide pools, and kelp forests in cold, temperate, and subarctic waters of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characteristics

Pholidae are distinguished by several key features, including:

  • Elongated body shape: Gunnels are slender and often resemble eels, with a long, cylindrical body.
  • Lack of pelvic fins: Unlike many other fish, gunnels lack pelvic fins, giving them a streamlined appearance.
  • Single dorsal fin: The dorsal fin extends almost the entire length of the back, providing stability and propulsion.
  • Small eyes: Gunnels generally have small, inconspicuous eyes.
  • Reduced scales: Most gunnels have very small scales, giving them a smooth appearance.

Habitat and Distribution

Gunnels are found in a variety of marine habitats, including:

  • Rocky reefs: They are common inhabitants of rocky reefs, where they use their slender bodies to squeeze into crevices and under rocks.
  • Tide pools: Gunnels are often found in tide pools, where they can tolerate changes in salinity and temperature.
  • Kelp forests: Some species of gunnels live in kelp forests, where they find shelter and food among the kelp fronds.

The geographic distribution of Pholidae is primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, with species found in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Arctic Oceans.

Diet

Gunnels are generally carnivorous, feeding on a variety of small invertebrates, including crustaceans, worms, and mollusks.

Reproduction

The reproductive habits of gunnels vary by species. Some species lay eggs in nests, while others attach their eggs to rocks or seaweed. The eggs are typically guarded by one or both parents until they hatch.

References

Further information can be found at these reliable sources: