Elapidae
Elapidae is a family of venomous snakes found worldwide, including in marine environments. They are characterized by their short, stout bodies, highly specialized venom delivery systems, and a unique set of venom components that affect the nervous system. These snakes are commonly known as “elapids” or “coral snakes,” with the latter name often referring to the brightly colored species found in the Americas. While most elapids are terrestrial, some species have adapted to aquatic environments, particularly in coastal regions.
Characteristics
Elapids are known for their distinctive physical features, including:
- Short, stout bodies: Elapids generally have a robust build, with a relatively short tail.
- Highly specialized venom delivery system: They possess hollow, retractable fangs located at the front of their mouths, known as solenoglyphous fangs. These fangs allow for efficient venom injection.
- Neurotoxic venom: The venom of elapids primarily affects the nervous system, leading to paralysis and respiratory failure if left untreated.
- Bright colors and patterns: Many elapid species exhibit striking color patterns, often serving as a warning to potential predators.
Environments
Elapids can be found in a diverse range of environments, including:
- Tropical and subtropical regions: Elapids are predominantly found in warm climates around the world.
- Forests, grasslands, and deserts: They inhabit a variety of terrestrial habitats.
- Coastal areas: Certain elapid species have adapted to living near the coast, including some that are semi-aquatic.
Marine Elapids
While most elapids are terrestrial, a few species have adapted to living in marine environments. These snakes are often referred to as "sea snakes" and exhibit unique adaptations for aquatic life, such as:
- Lateral compression: Their bodies are flattened from side to side, which improves maneuverability in water.
- Paddle-like tails: They possess flattened tails that function as paddles, aiding in swimming.
- Salt glands: Marine elapids have specialized salt glands that allow them to excrete excess salt ingested from seawater.
- Nostrils on top of their heads: Their nostrils are located on the dorsal surface of their heads, enabling them to breathe while submerged.
Examples of Marine Elapids
Some notable examples of marine elapids include:
- Yellow-bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis platurus): The most widely distributed sea snake, found in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
- Olive Sea Snake (Aipysurus laevis): A highly venomous species native to Australia and Indonesia.
- Beaked Sea Snake (Enhydrina schistosa): One of the most dangerous sea snakes, responsible for numerous human fatalities.
References
Elapidae on Wikipedia
Reptile Database: Elapidae
Venomous Snakes: Elapidae