Capneidae
Capneidae, also known as the “minute stoneflies” or “small winter stoneflies”, are a family of insects in the order Plecoptera. These small, often brown, stoneflies are characterized by their short wings and their tendency to inhabit fast-flowing, cold water streams and rivers. Their distribution is primarily in the Holarctic region, with some species also found in parts of Asia.
Characteristics
Capneidae are among the smallest stoneflies, typically measuring between 3 and 10 mm in length. Their bodies are generally elongate and slender, and their wings are short and often held roof-like over the abdomen. They are typically brown in color, although some species may have a more yellowish or greenish hue.
Distinctive features of Capneidae include:
- Short, narrow wings with a reduced venation.
- A pair of cerci, which are paired appendages at the end of the abdomen.
- A pair of ocelli, which are simple eyes located between the compound eyes.
Environments
Capneidae are typically found in fast-flowing, cold, and well-oxygenated streams and rivers. They are often associated with rocky substrates and are particularly abundant in headwater streams. These insects play an important role in the food web, serving as prey for larger insects, fish, and other aquatic animals.
Life Cycle
The life cycle of Capneidae consists of four distinct stages: egg, nymph, subimago, and imago. Eggs are laid in water, and nymphs develop over several instars, feeding on algae and other aquatic organisms. The subimago stage is a short-lived, winged stage that emerges from the water. Finally, the adult, or imago, stage is the reproductive stage.
References
For more information on Capneidae, consult these reliable sources: