Batrachoidiformes
Batrachoidiformes is an order of ray-finned fish containing over 100 species. They are commonly known as toadfishes, midshipmen, singing fishes, or coulterfishes. These fishes are carnivorous and typically live in marine environments, although some species are found in brackish waters and even freshwater. Batrachoidiformes have a wide distribution, being found in tropical and subtropical waters around the globe.
Characteristics
Batrachoidiformes are characterized by a number of unique traits. They have a broad, flat head and a large mouth with prominent canine teeth. Their bodies are often elongated and somewhat flattened, with a tapering tail. Their skin is typically smooth and scaleless, though some species have small, embedded scales. These fish have a well-developed lateral line system, which helps them detect vibrations in the water. One of the most interesting features of Batrachoidiformes is the presence of an opercular spine located on the lower part of their gill covers. This spine is used for defense, as it can inflict a painful puncture wound.
Environments
Batrachoidiformes are primarily bottom-dwelling fishes that reside in a variety of habitats, including reefs, seagrass beds, sand flats, and mud bottoms. They are often found in shallow waters but can also be found at depths up to 1000 meters. Some species are known to burrow into the sediment, while others lie in wait among rocks or vegetation for unsuspecting prey.
Common Names
The most common names for Batrachoidiformes are "toadfishes" and "midshipmen". "Toadfish" is derived from the fish's frog-like appearance, particularly the wide mouth and prominent eyes. The name "midshipmen" comes from the fact that some species of toadfish, particularly those belonging to the genus *Porichthys*, produce a humming or whistling sound, reminiscent of the calls of sailors on watch during the night. These sounds are generated by specialized muscles that vibrate the swim bladder. The fish may also be called "singing fishes" due to the sounds they make.
Diet and Behavior
Batrachoidiformes are primarily carnivorous and feed on a variety of small invertebrates, including crustaceans, worms, and mollusks. They are ambush predators, lying in wait on the bottom until prey comes within range. They are known to use their large mouths and strong jaws to capture and swallow prey whole.
Reproduction
Reproduction in Batrachoidiformes varies depending on the species. Some species release their eggs into the water, while others lay their eggs in nests or attach them to rocks or seaweed. The males of some species guard the eggs until they hatch.
References
Wikipedia: Batrachoidiformes
FishBase: Batrachoidiformes
National Center for Biotechnology Information: Batrachoidiformes